Research in this area explores sensing strategies in which the measurement device is itself a flexible flow-responsive structure. The core studies use piezo-embedded inverted PVDF flags placed in the wake of airfoils to quantify how voltage response, oscillation frequency, and structural motion vary with angle of attack, downstream position, and wake unsteadiness. Instead of treating sensing as a purely external imaging task, the work asks how a lightweight embedded element can become part of the aerodynamic system and still return physically meaningful information about the surrounding flow. The result is a compact approach to wake detection that connects materials, fluid response, and instrumentation.
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Sensing the WindSmart Materials for UAV Endurance
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Gunasekaran, Sidaard, Grant V. Ross, and Daniel Curry. "Effect of Flexible Inverted PVDF in Free Shear Layer Wake." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, p. 1338. 2019. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-1338
